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People or
human resource people Motivation
before profession Domestic
consumption resources Centre of calls Sitting on the sidelines
Editorial It may seem that our foreign policy objectives revolve round India and China because we share borders. But we share other things too. Like burgeoning population, for instance. Pakistan may not be number one or two in the world but it is not far behind at number six. And certainly not as smart as India or China -- in treating its population as an asset, a resource, a human resource, to be precise. India and China have reversed what was thought to be a truism till some years ago -- that population is inversely proportional to human development index. They have turned things around to raise the standard of living of a substantial part of their populations. They have invested in education and a skilled labour force and are reaping huge benefits. The Marxist line of argument -- that there is no resource crunch and the problem lies in the distribution of resources -- is indeed true. But till the time such ideal solutions are sought, countries or geographically bound nation states must think of ways to improve the lot of their peoples. 'Export people,' is the suggested mantra for Pakistan. This is what India is doing now and China did many years ago, though not in a planned way. So perhaps it's time for us to invest in education and a skilled labour force.
people The Malthusian prediction is a deliberate ideological obfuscation that conveniently glosses over the true cause of deprivation in the modern world By Aasim Sajjad Akhtar It is a self-evident truth
to suggest that the population of countries like Pakistan is growing at an
unsustainable rate, insofar as this means that the population is growing in
excess of the means available to support it. As reasonable as this suggestion
sounds, however, representing the This is not to suggest that Malthus was inspired by insidious designs even though he was ultimately committed to very conservative political ideas. But, in the more than two hundred years since he wrote his famous treatise, much has changed. Malthus was writing during the unfolding of the first industrial revolution in England. His was the first detailed investigation into the lives of the urban industrial working class, which lived and worked, at the time, in putrid conditions that one now associates with the working poor of the third world. In any case, Malthus observed that his subjects were continuing to produce large numbers of offspring even though there appeared to be a shortage of resources to support this increase in population, both within working class homes, and in society more generally. Thus he made his apocalyptic prediction about the inevitable implosion of modern society under the weight of the population burden. Of course Malthus could not have known that capitalist modernity would give rise to technological innovations that could motor material advancement beyond his (or his contemporaries') wildest dreams. Nor was he able to foresee the development of an international market economy that would facilitate the transfer of resources -- both natural and human -- across societies and even continents. Finally, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have seen the consolidation of a global, financial and telecommunications revolution that has not only changed the concept of time and space but also facilitated the creation of a vast virtual economy that is only vaguely related to the actual production of goods and services around the world. In spite of not foreseeing the enormity of material development that would take place in the two centuries after he wrote, Malthus was right in warning of the deprivation that increased numbers of working people would face. However, it was Malthus's contemporary Marx who was more concerned with the plight of the productive classes and formulated a theory of emancipation accordingly. Malthus has been associated more with mainstream neo-classical economics that proclaims the fundamental economic problem in modern society to be one of scarcity or, in other words, how to allocate scarce resources to a growing -- and ultimately limitless -- society. Mainstream economics is famous for its apolitical and ahistorical foundations; thus the Malthusian philosophy, not necessarily in contradiction to the political principles that Malthus espoused in his time, tends to be invoked by the powers-that-be more readily than those resisting power. Among other things this is reflected in the persistent claim made by international agencies, rich country governments and academic experts that the third world's biggest problem is that of uninhibited population growth. While there can be little doubt that there is an exponential growth of population in the third world, it is essential to put this in context, and particularly, to link this population explosion to colonialism and the emergence of the capitalist world economy. More specifically, third world countries are beset by a legacy of highly skewed development catered to meeting the needs of their erstwhile western colonial masters, and of course, newer global powers such as the US. Under colonial rule, this meant the use of natural and human resources for the purely functional purposes of economic growth of the mother country and, additionally, the selective use of technology to facilitate this paramount objective. For example, medical technologies developed in Europe helped in dramatically reducing mortality rates in the colonies. However, there was no concomitant increase in education levels that would reduce fertility rates as well, as had happened in Europe itself. Perhaps more damning is the observation of the so-called post-developmentalists like Andres Escobar that 'mass poverty' is a phenomenon unique to the age of capitalist modernity, which, in the third world, is associated squarely with the colonial encounter. In other words, before the systematic exploitation of resources -- both natural and human -- for the purposes of profit, there was no deprivation on a large scale. This is not to suggest that there was no want or need, but simply that existing populations subsisted according to the available stock of resources. With colonialism developed a modern capitalist world system that promised unprecedented wealth and prosperity to the rich capitalist countries while subjecting billions in the post-colonial world to unprecedented levels of deprivation. However, unlike Malthus, Marx insisted that this was not a 'natural' phenomenon or, in other words, that it was not necessarily the case that natural resources would be insufficient to meet the requirements of a growing population, but in fact that this was only a 'natural' outcome of the system of social organisation that is capitalism. In other words, capital's insatiable appetite to reproduce itself was what gave rise to mass exploitation. In fact, Marx insisted that the world's available resources were more than enough to meet the needs of the world's population, assuming of course that the obscene levels of consumption enjoyed by a minority of the world's people were sacrificed to meet the needs of the majority. Two hundred years later this fact is truer than ever, as the capitalist countries expend resources far in excess of the third world. Marx also pointed out the inherent bankruptcy of capitalism in its objectification of human beings as a commodity in the production process. In other words, he pointed out another flaw in the Malthusian argument insofar as Malthus did not consider the importance of his 'overburdening' population to the process of capital accumulation. To be sure, the supposed imbalance between resources and population takes on a very different meaning if one recognises that modern capitalist production is simply not possible without the massive inputs of human labour that have underpinned the global economic system since the colonial period. Thinkers like Escobar simply take this logic forward -- that on the one hand human beings are used as inhuman objects to further the goals of ruthless profiteers, whereas on the other they are considered a burden because meeting their basic needs puts inexorable pressure on the imperatives of capital accumulation. Ultimately, the majority of people in the modern economy are, in Marx's words, alienated labour. They are dehumanised and objectified and considered nothing more than inputs into a depersonalised production process. In the current period, Pakistan is a laboratory for one of the most radical hyper capital accumulation processes in the third world. Our ruling class celebrates the fact that our most valuable resource is our cheap labour and invites multinational capital in order to exploit this resource with incentives galore and a total lack of accountability. It is true that there is a problem of sustainability in the modern world, and that population growth needs to be contained. But, unlike those who benefit from the grotesque model of 'development' that prevails the world over, those who are intellectually and politically committed to change must repudiate the Malthusian doomsday argument and expose the resource imbalance for what it really is. Motivation before profession Human resource is an encapsulation of the labour capable segment of the population from a political economy standpoint. However it is not in itself a complete form By Aziz Omar An idle mind and body is not just the devil's workshop but also a threat to the already limited resources available for the survival and wellbeing of others. In an unproductive and a detached state, the human entity is but akin to a deadly virus, infecting the rest with indifference and hopelessness. Though being part of a
monetarily rewarding venture is crucial for economic sustenance, it is
actually more important for an individual to be in touch with one's personal
abilities and a sense of identity -- to be able to take an initiative of
self-help. Human resource is an encapsulation of the The first step in motivating the average citizen is through awareness and exposure to different concepts and ideas. If we are considering poverty and inequality along with all other related issues such as illiteracy and frustration, the solution does not lie in charity handouts or even creating so-called loan disbursing scheme such as the President's 'Rozgar' programme. Just the official hurdles entail the testimony of two guarantors and ownership of property to be used as collateral, besides the condition of having a secondary school certification. Even if people have access to the state sponsored deadbeat educational system, why would they will themselves to go the distance for only being able to run PCOs, drive rickshaws and delivery vans? Never a more depressing and morose objective of education has been put forward. And if by any chance the uninspiring educational system is set on a road of reform, the goals will be late in materialising even in the urban institutions. For widespread areas, the various forms of media are more effective in relaying modern knowledge and innovative notions. Yet most people living in the rural areas don't have access to a steady supply of electricity or not at all, besides considering the lack of cable networks and newspaper supply routes. Even in the case of wireless communication technology and free-to-air television programming, the cost of equipment is quite considerable. So one of the immediately beneficial ways of ensuring a pervasive flow of information is through radio channels and that too when they can be heard on rechargeable wind-up radios, a gizmo patented by the British inventor Trevor Baylis. The costs of current foreign manufactured models is still quite considerable when compared to simple battery powered ones, so locally based production of cheaper versions could be pursued. Wind-up or clockwork technology is resurfacing in a big way, as major companies such as Sony, Phillips and Motorola are in the midst of churning out products incorporating such mechanisms. An ideal solution for Pakistan's rural regions basic energy needs could be a pedal powered generator capable of charging energy efficient battery packs. Both electricity and exercise can be availed simultaneously, while keeping the stay-at-home persons involved. In fact, our whole nation could be converted into organic power producers, pedaling their way towards a cleaner and healthier future. Body building programmes utilising power generating machines instead of deadweights should be popularised among the populace, especially the youth. Having bulging biceps, triceps and deltoids while aiming for the elusive six-pack will give the guys a sense of accomplishment besides their lighting up the community. The women would be able to achieve a slimmer, more toned figure much faster such as after putting on unwanted pounds during pregnancy. Countries such as India are collaborating with foreign companies to make Information Communication Technologies widespread. But devices such as computers and cell phones are consumer dependent, passive means of acquiring information and knowledge. The user has to know where to look and what for in the first place to be able to benefit from the connectivity, which requires a sufficient degree of intelligence and literacy. Even in the case of schemes such as the micro-credit financing one undertaken by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, the initiative and the enterprising spirit resides within the customer. So other than the easy availability of funds, the ultimate success of such projects rests on the inherent expressiveness and creativity of the individual availing the loan. Artistic endeavours are an excellent way to enhance the ingenuity of the participants and therefore should be promoted extensively at every level. The performing arts such as theatre (street or stage-based), music (instrumental and vocal) and physical medium based forms should be taught informally or through an institution so to inculcate a broader perspective of life. Simply imparting technical skills, while even that is lacking in our state-run educational institutions, only renders the bare minimum of problem solving, that too within specified boundaries. True enlightenment lies in identifying the problem in the first case or even creating one in a matter of speaking to better comprehend the larger picture. The only way of accomplishing the mental and physical productivity in the very initial stages of social evolution is learning to make do with what one has at hand. Of course, there have to be external agencies present that should guide and support the nascent entrepreneur or expressive artist/creator. But their role should not be at the cost of personal endurance and resoluteness. Domestic consumption The gap bewteen the number of jobs and their aspirants has kept widening in the country. There are some sectors where the situation is otherwise By Nadeem Iqbal The last few years have seen growth in some sectors, resulting in creation of jobs for professionals qualified in related fields. To name a few, they are Information Technology (IT), automobile, telecommunications, banking, power generation, media, education and construction. Starting from IT, government records say that the last couple of years have seen the sector grow at an average rate of around 50 per cent per annum. It is expected that by the end of the next three years, Pakistan's global IT revenue should reach almost US$ 9 billion. However, this growth is conditional to the availability of skilled, competent IT professionals. There are around 100,000 IT companies working in Pakistan while the total number of professionals employed by this industry is around 90,000. Over 10 per cent of these professionals are involved in export-oriented activities like offshore software development and provision of call centre services. Automobile industry is another human resource-intensive sector that has been registering high growth for the last four or five years. The government envisages that 0.5 million new cars would be manufactured per year by 2011-12 against the current production of hardly 0.2 million per annum. The investment in the sector is also expected to reach Rs 225 billion by then as compared to the current level of Rs 98 billion. The sector is presently providing employment to 192,000 people and the number would increase to 2,50,000 by 2011-12. Like automobile, telecom is another fast growing sector. The teledensity is increasing fast in the country and has jumped to 22 per cent. Foreign investment in the telecom sector has crossed US$ 1 billion during the first three quarters of 2005-06. The cellular mobile segment is the most thriving and growth-oriented sector. Approximately 1.6 million subscribers are being added on cellular mobile networks each month in Pakistan.The number of card payphones in the country are also on the increase. At the end of March 2006, there were 255,242 payphones in the country as compared to 97,751 in 2001-02. Banking is yet another growing sector quite open to the skilled workforce. Presently, almost 80 per cent of the banking operations are owned by the private sector. There are a total of 39 public and private and foreign banks operating in Pakistan. Another sector with enhanced capacity to absorb human resource is media -- radio, TV and newspapers. Although there is no figure available regarding the total employment in this sector but only in broadcast sector, 83 FM radio channels have so far been issued licenses in 56 cities including 11 specialised subject licenses for universities to promote the standard of education in the country. As many as 35 FM radio boadcast stations are already on air. The number of TV channels in the country are also on the increase. Cable Television (CTV) is a fast growing segment of the electronic media. For this purpose, 1,213 licences have also been issued to different categories of CTV. During 2005-06, Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) issued 200 CTV licenses. PEMRA has also granted landing rights to 15 companies for the distribution of foreign satellite TV channels in Pakistan. From 1996 onwards, the number of newspapers and periodicals increased from 1,997 to 3,444 to in 2005. In 2004, the total circulation of all the dailies has jumped to 78,89,639 as compared to 35,10,801 in 1996. In education sector the growth is tremendous meaning there is an ever-increasing demand for qualified teachers. The number of public sector universities in the country has increased to 49 while there are 36 universities in the private sector. As per official definition, the country's economic growth is spearheaded by agriculture that absorbs bulk of workforce, followed by the engineering sector. The services sector that consists primarily of wholesale and retail trade, transport, storage and communications and financial and insurance services accounted for over 52.3 per cent of country's GDP this year and absorbed approximately one-third of the employed workforce in Pakistan. According to Labour Force Survey of 2005-6, around 44 per cent of the workforce is employed by agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing; 13.7 per cent by manufacturing; 6.2 per cent by construction; 5.7 per cent by transport, storage and communication and 1.1 percent by financing, insurance, real estate and business services etc. resources A handful of reasons It's not the number of people a country has that matters but their physical and mental well-being and their level of skill By Muhammad Badar Alam Population differs from human resource in as much as mouth differs from hands. One is in constant need to be fed while the other is what feeds. Population is always in need of something, human resource is what employs itself to fulfil these needs. Like the mouth and the hand,
population and human resource are inseparable. Human resource cannot be
conceived if there is no population. But the fact that population does not
automatically create its corresponding human resource is self-evident from
the way most countries under the sun are faring. According to the Human
Development Index (HDI), a measure that the United Nations Though this index still leaves out many other countries, including 16 members of the United Nations, it offers a comprehensive analysis of why some countries are poorer than others in terms of human resources. First, being more populous is highly unlikely to land a country in the list of nations with a high human development index. Only the United States of America from among the top most populous countries appears very prominently in the category of the countries with a high level of development. The other two countries with a huge population to appear in the group of 63 select countries are Mexico (ranked 53) and Malaysia (ranked 61). This should prove the point that being fecund alone is not being well-endowed. If that had been the case, countries with high population growth rates should have done well on HDI over the last many decades. Almost all the countries with high human development which have a population growth rate of 2 per cent or more are those which have witnessed a high influx of people from the outside between 1975 and 2004. Only 11 out of the 63 countries with high human development, have population growth rates that high. But even among these Israel, Kuwait, Brunei Darussalam, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates have had very high population growth rates during the last three decades not because of any sudden shifts in their fertility rates -- that is, number of children born to a woman. It rather owes to their economic turnaround on the back of petrodollars, or some other political/religious reasons in the case of Israel, which forced them to let people come in, and that too in their millions, to cater to the expanding requirements of these countries' economies. On the other hand, all but two of the 31 countries with low human development have population growth rates of two per cent or more. From among these countries, only Lesotho, with an acute AIDS problem, and Haiti, suffering from a perennial civil strife, have population growth rates of 1.6 per cent and 1.8 per cent respectively. An equally important aspect of the relationship between population and human resource is the fact that the two most populous countries -- India and China -- have not fallen to the bottom of the pit under the burden of sheer number of people that they have. Respectively ranked 81 and 126 on HDI for 2006, the two countries show that the struggle to feed close to 250 billion people is not always a lost cause. Though Indian performance is more steady than spectacular, China has made miraculous gains in cultivating its human resources during the last couple of decades. In 1985, China's HDI was as low as Cambodia's and Mayanmar's in 2004. Now it is almost as high as Hong Kong's and Singapore's in 1975. What made China take this qualitative leap from being equal to its most impoverished Asian neighbours to touching on the heels of the region's richest is the country's ability to turn its population into human resource -- that is, a gainfully employed human resource. But before anyone can talk about an employed human resource, they need to talk about a skilled and healthy human resource. This is quite obvious from the United Nations Development Programme's focus on measuring HDI as "a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and enrolment at the primary, secondary and tertiary level) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income)". Even a cursory glance at the latest HDI ranking shows that higher a country's ranking, the richer it is. It, therefore, does not need emphasising that investing in the health and education is key to prosperity. The healthier and more educated a population, the better qualified it is to churn out human resources which cannot just sustain it, but also lead it to a prosperous future. The route that allows a population to benefit from its human resources passes through its schools and hospitals. The better these institutions, all the more likely that the nation that they serve will have a human resource that serves it population well. It's, therefore, not the number of people a country has but their physical and mental well-being. It's not a matter of how many hands a mouth has to feed itself, it's the level of skill that those hands have in doing the job. A good hand may do well where a lot of bad ones are bound to fail. Centre of calls Thanks to the advancement in the fields of IT and telecommunication, people do not need to move to foreign countries By Shahzada Irfan Ahmed As the educated youth in the country are increasing day by day, the job openings available to them are not enough to absorb them all. In this situation many of them try to proceed abroad and earn a modest living there. But resorting to this option is not as easy as it appears on paper. Very few developed countries are willing to accommodate a limited number of professionals coming from under-developed countries. But in order to make to this list of acceptable individuals, they have to fulfil a complex criterion and meet countless conditions set by these countries. However, this doesn't mean
that those barred from entering these greener pastures don't have any share
in the pie. Instead they can get their share of wealth without even moving to
that country, Similarly, foreign companies are outsourcing financial functions, legal and medical transcription, content development, data conversion, network support, data processing etc to companies in countries like Pakistan where these jobs can be done at a fraction of what they cost in the US or some other developed country. The transmission of data to a distant destination in real time and back to the source is the real reason of success behind this business model. Unfortunately, Pakistan has not been able to win sufficient outsourced business despite having a large pool of talented youth. According to a report released in 2005 by the Pakistan Software Export Board (PSEB), there were more than 110 call centres in Pakistan employing more than 2300 agents. But most of these centres are small-sized and set up as side businesses by their owners. Naveed Khaliq, Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Space Age, a software house says a lot needs to be done in the outsourcing sector if Pakistan wants to win employment for its youth. "If Ireland, Philippines, China and Egypt can climb the ladder in no time, why can't Pakistan follow the suit?" Talking to The News on Sunday, she says many US companies are uncomfortable with Indian operators as they are unable to understand their English accent and looking for an alternative. "You will feel proud to learn that language skills and accents of Pakistani operators are termed among the best in the Asian outsourcing destinations. Even then we have failed to tap this potential whereas India is excelling despite having a major deficiency," she says. In the absence of any arrangement at state level, Pakistani companies like TRG, Ovex Technologies and Touchstone are providing on-job trainings to their fresh inductees. But this is not enough when we see the pace of growth in this sector, says Ashraf Kapadia, President Pakistan Software Houses Association (Pasha). Talking to TNS from Karachi, he says the software industry in Pakistan has come out of its dormant phase. "We are expanding at rates above 50 per cent a year but unfortunately the workforce is not increasing at a similar pace." He says the educational institutes must produce more and more people to be absorbed in the companies providing these IT enabled services (ITeS). When IT industry collapsed in 2001, people stopped sending children to IT schools. Besides, those already enrolled dropped out instantly and took other courses, he says adding: "Now there is an upturn in the industry but no quality IT graduates to fill in the gap." Kapadia agrees that Pakistan's negative image abroad is a stumbling block in the growth of this sector but says: "We have to live with this (image) till the time we overturn it with our action and words. Though a foreigner can get work done from here without even moving to this part of the world, he wants to visit the country at least once before signing a contract. This can hardly afford to do in the presence of strong travel warnings issued by their governments." He says many Pakistanis who hold top administrative positions in world's leading companies are hesitant to get software development work for Pakistani companies. "This doesn't mean they have any bias towards their country. In fact they fear their countrymen might fail to deliver," he says. Such fears need to be removed if we want to secure future of millions of potential IT workers, he adds.
There is negligible increase in the recognition of women labour force during the last few decades By Noreen Haider At present women participation in the labour force in Pakistan is one of the lowest in the world. No accurate data is available regarding the exact number of women workers in Pakistan because of various reasons including that the very term work is not defined accurately. The women working as domestic helps or in other informal sector are not even considered as workers. The roles allocated to women from social perceptions are considered unimportant and thus not included in national statistics and indicators. There is negligible increase
in women labour force during the last few decades and the situation in this
regards is pretty grim. Agriculture is one sector where the women contribute
equally but the According to the data provided by Population Association of Pakistan in 2000 there are 6.22 million women in labour force as against 33.2 million men. There is also difference in the reasons for working among women belonging to different classes. The women belonging to upper middle class work as a statement of individuality and to assert themselves. But for the women belonging to lower middle class, work is hardly a matter of choice. In the urban as well as the rural areas work is a necessity for both men and women belonging to the poor classes. In Pakistan, labour force participation is estimated on the basis of the Crude Activity Rate (CAR) and the Refined Activity Rate (RAR). The CAR is the percentage of the labour force in the total population while RAR is the percentage of the labour force in the population of persons 10 years of age and above. According to the latest figures of the labour survey, out of the population of 155.4 million people in Pakistan 108.6 million are above ten years of age. 50.89 million people in Pakistan constitute the labour force. The total percentage of men laborers above 10 years of age is 72.7 per cent and the percentage of women above 10 years is mere 20 per cent. "There is a very high level of supply of female work force in the Urban & Rural areas showing the differences in the ratio of female workers in the labour market. As such lack of gender participation and discrimination not only hinder the growth potential of the economy but also arrests the social and legal frame work of distributive justice. Need of the hour is to encourage women participation in employment work force stream by creating conditions conducive for them. One of the reasons why in developed countries of the world one sees affluence is because both men and women work hand in glove thereby contributing to increase GDP & improving their standard of living in the process." As it is poverty ratio is increasing in Pakistan. Rising unemployment rate over a number of years has resulted in sharp up-surge in the poverty rate which has increased from 32 per cent to 43 per cent from the year 1999 to 2003 according to an Asian Development Bank report. It is hard even for the men to find work let alone the women. Almost 50 per cent of the workforce in Pakistan is engaged in agriculture and it is mostly unskilled worker both men and women. Training and skill development is therefore an urgent need if the men and women are to be diverted to other sectors in order to open newer avenues of income generation. An educated and skilled workforce is a must in an increasing competitive global economy. The data shows that there is some presence of women in the primary sector, the sector of economy which is involved in the extraction and usage of the earth's natural resources like agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry etc. The ration reduces drastically in the secondary sector that is the manufacturing sector which uses the raw material from the primary sector, and becomes negligible in the tertiary sector which includes the service sector industries like banking, insurance, transport and retail. Even in the employment sector there are negligible women Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers, Technicians and Associate Professionals, clerks Service Workers, Shop and Market Sales Workers. According to the experts the population of Pakistan will double in twenty years .The only way our country can hope to progress is if we make all efforts to include our women as equals on the road towards self reliance.
Employed Labour Force by Sectors (%) Industry/Sector 2003-04 2005-06 (July-Dec) Total Male Female Total Male Female Agriculture, forestry, hunting & fishing 43.1 38.1 67.3 44.8 38.4 69.9 Manufacturing 13.7 13.5 14.7 13.6 13.4 14 Construction 5.8 7.0 0.3 5.9 7.4 0.3 Wholesale & Retail trade 14.8 17.5 1.7 14.1 17.3 1.8 Transport, storage & communications 5.7 6.9 0.1 5.8 7.2 0.3 Community, social & personal services 15.0 14.8 15.8 13.8 13.9 13.5 Others* 1.9 2.2 0.1 2.0 2.4 0.2 Source: Labour Force Survey (July-Dec) 2005-06
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phenomenon of population growth in this
manner, as Robert Malthus did over two centuries ago, is misleading. In fact,
it may even be argued that the Malthusian prediction is a deliberate
ideological obfuscation that conveniently glosses over the true cause of
deprivation in the modern world.
labour capable segment
of the population from a political economy standpoint. However it is not in
itself a complete form in which the teeming masses can be an integral part of
a progressive society. A resolve to be involved in one's own unique
capabilities and channel them towards an ever-evolving mode of existence has
to be fostered.
has developed to
gauge the standard human resources have attained in a country, only 63
countries have a high level of human development. The next 83 countries have
only medium human development and another 31 nations have their human
resources at a low level of development.
thanks to the advancement in the fields of information
technology and telecommunication. For example, a Pakistani telemarketeer can
attend a call made by an American client sitting in the US and trying to
gather information from a company based there. He (the Pakistani) can also
answer the query of the caller without letting him know that he is sitting in
Karachi, thousands of miles away from the caller.
surveys record their participation rate as only 8.31 per
cent. The participation of women in other sectors as workers or labour is
extremely low. Although Pakistan has committed itself to domestic labour
policies but there is very little implementation of these polices in
actuality .These policies do not cover the informal sector, where most of
Pakistani women are employed. Pakistan's labour laws also do not cover women
in the informal sector, thus leaving a vast majority of the labour force
unprotected and vulnerable.